After Mac Dynasty was established, the Trinh clan mobilized a resistance against the Mac Dynasty. In 1592, the Trinh clan conquered Thang Long and King Le came back to the throne but the power belonged to the Trinh Lords. Meanwhile, in the South, the Nguyen Lords extended their land to the Mekong River Delta and carried out a resistance against the Trinh Lords.

Name of ethnic group: Phu La (Xa Pho, Bo Kho Pa, Mu Di Pa, Pho, Va Xo and La Dun Dang). Population: 9,046 people (Year 1999). Locality: Lai Chau, Son La, Lao Cai, and Ha Giang provinces. The largest settlements are in Lao Cai Province.

Name of ethnic group: Pu Peo (Ka Beo, Penti, and Lo Lo). Population: 705 people (Year 1999). Locality: Concentrated along the Sino-Vietnamese border in Dong Van, Yen Minh, and Meo Vac districts of Ha Giang Province.

Name of ethnic group: Ra Glai (Ra Glay, Krai, Orang Glai, No-Ana, and La Vang). Population: 96,931 people (Year 1999). Locality: Mainly in the southern regions of Khanh Hoa and Ninh Thuan provinces.

Name of ethnic group: Ro Mam. Population: 301 people (Year 1999). Locality: The Ro Mam live in Le Village, Mo Rai Commune, Sa Thay District of Kon Tum Province.

Name of ethnic group: San Chay (Cao Lan, San Chi, Man Cao Lan, and Hon Ban). Population: 147,315 people (Year 1999). Locality: Concentrated in Tuyen Quang, Thai Nguyen, and Bac Giang provinces. Communities of San Chay are also found scattered in Quang Ninh, Yen Bai, Lang Son, and Vinh Phuc provinces.

Name of ethnic group: San Diu (San Deo, Trai, Trai Dat, and "Man Quan Coc" (Man in Shorts)). Population: 126,237 people (Year 1999). Locality: The San Diu live in the midlands of Quang Ninh, Hai Duong, Bac Giang, Bac Ninh, Vinh Phu, Thai Nguyen, and Tuyen Quang provinces.

Name of ethnic group: Si La (Cu De Xu, Kha Pe). Population: 840 people (Year 1999). Locality: Lai Chau Province.

Name of ethnic group: Tay (Tho, Ngan, Phen, Thu Lao, and Pa Di). Population: 1,477,514 people (Year 1999). Locality: The Tay lives along the valleys and the lower slopes of the mountains in Cao Bang, Lang Son, Bac Kan, and Quang Ninh provinces, and in some regions of Bac Giang and Bac Ninh provinces.

Name of ethnic group: Ta Oi (Toi Oi, Pa Co, Ba Hy, and Ba Ghy). Population: 34,960 people (Year 1999). Locality: A Luoi District of Thua Thien-Hue Province and Huong Hoa District of Quang Tri Province.